描述：
Growth Differentiation Factor 11 (GDF-11), also known as BMP-11, is a member of the
TGF-β superfamily and is highly related to GDF8. GDF-11 encodes a 407 amino acid (aa)
prepropeptide which contains a signal sequence for secretion and an RXXR proteolytic
processing site to yield a 109 aa residue carboxyterminal mature protein. Mature GDF11
contains the canonical 7-cysteine motif common to other TGF-β superfamily members;
however, like the TGF-βs, Activins and GDF-8, GDF-11 also contains one extra pair of
cysteine residues. At the amino acid sequence level, mature human, mouse, rat and chicken
GDF-11 are 99 100% identical. GDF-11 and GDF-8 share 90% amino acid sequence identity
within the mature protein. As detected by in situ hybridization, GDF-11 is expressed in diverse
regions of the mouse embryo: tailbud, somitic precursors, limbs, mandibular and branchial
arches, dorsal neural tube, odontoblasts, nasal epithelium, and particular regions of the brain.
Likewise, a targeted deletion of GDF-11 in mice results in a spectrum of abnormalities including
palatal malformation, vertebral defects, elongated trunks with a reduced or absent tail, missing
or malformed kidneys, and an increased number of neurons in the olfactory epithelium. An
intriguing finding in the knockout mice was that the trunk elongation was due to an increase in
the number of thoracic vertebrae. This implicates GDF-11 as the first secreted factor to influence
the specification of segmental identity in vertebrates. In fact, GDF-11 does regulate expression
of segmental transcription factors, the Hox genes. GDF-11 signals through the Activin type II
receptors and induces phosphorylation of Smad2 to mediate axial patterning. Despite the
strong expression in the limb throughout development, no limb abnormalities were found
in the knockout mice. However, in vitro micromass studies indicate that GDF-11 inhibits
myogenic and chondrogenic cell differentiation and may impact formation and development
of the limb skeleton. R&D Systems recombinant GDF-11 preparations have been shown to act
similarly to GDF-8 in both the Xenopus animal cap and the K562 assays.
原厂资料：
Growth Differentiation Factor 11 (GDF-11), also known as BMP-11, is a member of the
TGF-β superfamily and is highly related to GDF8. GDF-11 encodes a 407 amino acid (aa)
prepropeptide which contains a signal sequence for secretion and an RXXR proteolytic
processing site to yield a 109 aa residue carboxyterminal mature protein. Mature GDF11
contains the canonical 7-cysteine motif common to other TGF-β superfamily members;
however, like the TGF-βs, Activins and GDF-8, GDF-11 also contains one extra pair of
cysteine residues. At the amino acid sequence level, mature human, mouse, rat and chicken
GDF-11 are 99 100% identical. GDF-11 and GDF-8 share 90% amino acid sequence identity
within the mature protein. As detected by in situ hybridization, GDF-11 is expressed in diverse
regions of the mouse embryo: tailbud, somitic precursors, limbs, mandibular and branchial
arches, dorsal neural tube, odontoblasts, nasal epithelium, and particular regions of the brain.
Likewise, a targeted deletion of GDF-11 in mice results in a spectrum of abnormalities including
palatal malformation, vertebral defects, elongated trunks with a reduced or absent tail, missing
or malformed kidneys, and an increased number of neurons in the olfactory epithelium. An
intriguing finding in the knockout mice was that the trunk elongation was due to an increase in
the number of thoracic vertebrae. This implicates GDF-11 as the first secreted factor to influence
the specification of segmental identity in vertebrates. In fact, GDF-11 does regulate expression
of segmental transcription factors, the Hox genes. GDF-11 signals through the Activin type II
receptors and induces phosphorylation of Smad2 to mediate axial patterning. Despite the
strong expression in the limb throughout development, no limb abnormalities were found
in the knockout mice. However, in vitro micromass studies indicate that GDF-11 inhibits
myogenic and chondrogenic cell differentiation and may impact formation and development
of the limb skeleton. R&D Systems recombinant GDF-11 preparations have been shown to act
similarly to GDF-8 in both the Xenopus animal cap and the K562 assays.
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