Toll-like Receptor 9 (D9M9H) XP? Rabbit mAb

• 产品编号：CST-13674P      品牌：Cell Signaling Technology       原厂货号：13674P
• 产品分类：抗体 > 一抗 > 蛋白特异性一抗
• 应用分类：

描述：

Specificity / Sensitivity

Toll-like Receptor 9 (D9M9H) XP^® Rabbit mAb recognizes endogenous levels of total Toll-like receptor 9 protein. This antibody is predicted to recognize known full-length isoforms of Toll-like receptor 9, but not cleaved Toll-like receptor 9 protein.

Source / Purification

Monoclonal antibody is produced by immunizing animals with a synthetic peptide corresponding to residues surrounding Pro450 of human Toll-like receptor 9 protein.

Background

Members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, named for the closely related Toll receptor in Drosophila, play a pivotal role in innate immune responses (1-4). TLRs recognize conserved motifs found in various pathogens and mediate defense responses (5-7). Triggering of the TLR pathway leads to the activation of NF-κB and subsequent regulation of immune and inflammatory genes (4). The TLRs and members of the IL-1 receptor family share a conserved stretch of approximately 200 amino acids known as the Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain (1). Upon activation, TLRs associate with a number of cytoplasmic adaptor proteins containing TIR domains, including myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), MyD88-adaptor-like/TIR-associated protein (MAL/TIRAP), Toll-receptor-associated activator of interferon (TRIF), and Toll-receptor-associated molecule (TRAM) (8-10). This association leads to the recruitment and activation of IRAK1 and IRAK4, which form a complex with TRAF6 to activate TAK1 and IKK (8,11-14). Activation of IKK leads to the degradation of IκB, which normally maintains NF-κB in an inactive state by sequestering it in the cytoplasm.

TLR9 is highly expressed in macrophages, dendritic cells, and B lymphocytes, and in humans has five isoforms generated by alternative splicing (15,16). TLR9 binds to unmethylated CpG motifs present on bacterial DNA and stimulates NF-κB via the MyD88 adaptor protein (17-19). In contrast to most TLR family members that are localized to the plasma membrane, TLR9 is an intracellular receptor localized to the ER in resting cells (20). Upon binding to CpG DNA, TLR9 is proteolytically processed and translocates to endo-lysosomal compartments where it binds MyD88, initiating downstream signaling (21-23).

1. Akira, S. (2003) J Biol Chem 278, 38105-8.
2. Beutler, B. (2004) Nature 430, 257-63.
3. Dunne, A. and O'Neill, L.A. (2003) Sci STKE 2003, re3.
4. Medzhitov, R. et al. (1997) Nature 388, 394-7.
5. Schwandner, R. et al. (1999) J Biol Chem 274, 17406-9.
6. Takeuchi, O. et al. (1999) Immunity 11, 443-51.
7. Alexopoulou, L. et al. (2001) Nature 413, 732-8.
8. Zhang, F.X. et al. (1999) J Biol Chem 274, 7611-4.
9. Horng, T. et al. (2001) Nat Immunol 2, 835-41.
10. Oshiumi, H. et al. (2003) Nat Immunol 4, 161-7.
11. Muzio, M. et al. (1997) Science 278, 1612-5.
12. Wesche, H. et al. (1997) Immunity 7, 837-47.
13. Suzuki, N. et al. (2002) Nature 416, 750-6.
14. Irie, T. et al. (2000) FEBS Lett 467, 160-4.
15. Du, X. et al. (2000) Eur Cytokine Netw 11, 362-71.
16. Chuang, T.H. and Ulevitch, R.J. (2000) Eur Cytokine Netw 11, 372-8.
17. Hemmi, H. et al. (2000) Nature 408, 740-5.
18. Bauer, S. et al. (2001) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98, 9237-42.
19. Takeshita, F. et al. (2001) J Immunol 167, 3555-8.
20. Latz, E. et al. (2004) Nat Immunol 5, 190-8.
21. Park, B. et al. (2008) Nat Immunol 9, 1407-14.
22. Ewald, S.E. et al. (2008) Nature 456, 658-62.
23. Sepulveda, F.E. et al. (2009) Immunity 31, 737-48.

原厂资料：

Specificity / Sensitivity

Toll-like Receptor 9 (D9M9H) XP^® Rabbit mAb recognizes endogenous levels of total Toll-like receptor 9 protein. This antibody is predicted to recognize known full-length isoforms of Toll-like receptor 9, but not cleaved Toll-like receptor 9 protein.

Source / Purification

Monoclonal antibody is produced by immunizing animals with a synthetic peptide corresponding to residues surrounding Pro450 of human Toll-like receptor 9 protein.

Background

Members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, named for the closely related Toll receptor in Drosophila, play a pivotal role in innate immune responses (1-4). TLRs recognize conserved motifs found in various pathogens and mediate defense responses (5-7). Triggering of the TLR pathway leads to the activation of NF-κB and subsequent regulation of immune and inflammatory genes (4). The TLRs and members of the IL-1 receptor family share a conserved stretch of approximately 200 amino acids known as the Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain (1). Upon activation, TLRs associate with a number of cytoplasmic adaptor proteins containing TIR domains, including myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), MyD88-adaptor-like/TIR-associated protein (MAL/TIRAP), Toll-receptor-associated activator of interferon (TRIF), and Toll-receptor-associated molecule (TRAM) (8-10). This association leads to the recruitment and activation of IRAK1 and IRAK4, which form a complex with TRAF6 to activate TAK1 and IKK (8,11-14). Activation of IKK leads to the degradation of IκB, which normally maintains NF-κB in an inactive state by sequestering it in the cytoplasm.

TLR9 is highly expressed in macrophages, dendritic cells, and B lymphocytes, and in humans has five isoforms generated by alternative splicing (15,16). TLR9 binds to unmethylated CpG motifs present on bacterial DNA and stimulates NF-κB via the MyD88 adaptor protein (17-19). In contrast to most TLR family members that are localized to the plasma membrane, TLR9 is an intracellular receptor localized to the ER in resting cells (20). Upon binding to CpG DNA, TLR9 is proteolytically processed and translocates to endo-lysosomal compartments where it binds MyD88, initiating downstream signaling (21-23).

1. Akira, S. (2003) J Biol Chem 278, 38105-8.
2. Beutler, B. (2004) Nature 430, 257-63.
3. Dunne, A. and O'Neill, L.A. (2003) Sci STKE 2003, re3.
4. Medzhitov, R. et al. (1997) Nature 388, 394-7.
5. Schwandner, R. et al. (1999) J Biol Chem 274, 17406-9.
6. Takeuchi, O. et al. (1999) Immunity 11, 443-51.
7. Alexopoulou, L. et al. (2001) Nature 413, 732-8.
8. Zhang, F.X. et al. (1999) J Biol Chem 274, 7611-4.

注意事项：

Storage: Supplied in 10 mM sodium HEPES (pH 7.5), 150
mM NaCl, 100 µg/ml BSA, 50% glycerol and less than 0.02%
sodium azide. Store at –20°C. Do not aliquot the antibody